Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Cancer Relationand Emerging Treatments

Vitiligo is a persistent depigmenting skin disorder marked by the appearance of white patches on the skin, caused by the loss of Melanocytes. It affects around 0.5-1℅ of the global population, regardless of age, gender or race. Although vitiligo is not lethal or life-threatening, it does carry a social stigma that lowers self-esteem in people affected. Recent research suggests that vitiligo is a primary autoimmune illness in which the body's immune system destroys pigment-producing cells, Melanocytes, resulting in depigmentation. Additionally, oxidative stress and genetic predisposition mechanisms are known to contribute to the illness. Even though there is no specific cure for vitiligo, it can be effectively treated with suitable therapies. Vitiligo is widely treated with phototherapy, surgery and topical immunomodulators such as calcineurin inhibitors, corticosteroids and JAK inhibitors. Emerging data points to JAK inhibitors as a possible treatment option, however phototherapy remains the cornerstone of vitiligo management. Studies also show a link between vitiligo and cancer risk. This review summarizes current knowledge on vitiligo, addressing myths and misconceptionsas well as, the psychological difficulties associated with vitiligo, highlighting the significance of tailored treatment strategies and increased awareness in reducing the stigma surrounding this condition.