Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Liver Tissue Following Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Postmortem Study

Background: Organophosphate (OP) poisoning remains a significant global health concern due to its widespread use in agriculture and its potential for intentional or accidental exposure. This study aims to evaluate the biochemical and histopathological changes in liver tissues following acute organophosphate poisoning in a postmortem context. Materials and Methods: This prospective postmortem study was conducted on 50 cases of confirmed acute organophosphate poisoning over one year. Liver tissues were collected during autopsy and analyzed for biochemical markers, including serum cholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Histopathological examination involved hematoxylin and eosin staining to identify hepatocellular damage, necrosis, and inflammatory changes. Data were statistically analyzed to correlate biochemical findings with histopathological alterations. Results: Biochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in serum cholinesterase levels (mean: 1,500 IU/L) compared to the normal range (4,000–12,000 IU/L). Elevated levels of AST (mean: 120 IU/L), ALT (mean: 140 IU/L), and LDH (mean: 300 IU/L) indicated hepatocellular injury. Histopathological examination showed hepatocellular necrosis in 76% of cases, sinusoidal congestion in 64%, and inflammatory infiltrates in 48% of liver tissues. A strong correlation (r = 0.82) was observed between reduced cholinesterase levels and the severity of histopathological damage. Conclusion: Acute organophosphate poisoning cause’s significant biochemical and histopathological alterations in liver tissues, reflecting hepatocellular damage and systemic toxicity. Postmortem analysis of these changes provides crucial insights into the toxicological impact of organophosphates and can assist in forensic investigations.