A Review on Transportation Management and Welfare of Equines: Modes, Precautions, and Welfare Considerations

The transportation of horses is a routine and necessary aspect of modern equine management for purposes such as competitions, breeding, sales, and medical needs. However, it poses significant stress and welfare concerns for the animals. This review presents a comprehensive understanding of the transportation of horses, highlighting the various modes (road, air, rail, and sea), management practices, pre-transport preparation, and post-transport requirements. Additionally, it delves into transport-induced stress, physiological and behavioral indicators, and best practices to ensure animal welfare during transit.Keywords: Transportation, horses, management and practice.