Photodynamic Nanoparticles as a Promising Strategy Against Glioblastoma: A Comprehensive Review and Future Outlook

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive and lethal brain tumor with limited treatment options. This review discusses the potential of photodynamic nanoparticles (PDNPs) as a promising approach to target GBM cells. By combining photodynamic therapy with functionalized nanocarriers, this study explores mechanisms of tumor targeting, recent advances in preclinical trials, and challenges in clinical translation. The review concludes by highlighting future research directions for effective nanomedicine-based GBM treatment.