Fortified Vitamin D Products: Enhancing Nutrition for a Healthier Future

Repeat breeding is a major reproductive disorder in dairy animals that significantly impacts fertility, milk production and farm economics. A repeat breeder is defined as a cow or buffalo that exhibits normal oestrous cycles and is free from apparent clinical abnormalities but fails to conceive after three or more consecutive inseminations with quality semen. The causes are multifactorial, encompassing hormonal imbalances, subclinical uterine infections, ovarian dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, genetic predispositions and poor management practices. Accurate diagnosis involves detailed reproductive history, clinical examination, ultrasonography, uterine cytology, microbiological culture and hormonal profiling. Treatment strategies range from hormonal protocols (e.g., Ovsynch, GnRH, progesterone therapy), intrauterine antibiotics, nutritional supplementation and improved heat detection to advanced reproductive technologies like embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization. Recent innovations, including artificial intelligence-based oestrus detection and precision livestock farming tools, offer new hope for improving reproductive outcomes. A multidisciplinary, farm-specific approach combining diagnostics, therapeutics and herd management is essential for effectively managing repeat breeder syndrome and enhancing reproductive efficiency in dairy herds.