NEXT-GENERATION BIOHYBRID NANOROBOTS POWERED BY ENZYME-DRIVEN PROPULSION FOR PRECISION DRUG DELIVERY IN TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENTS

Recent advances in nanomedicine have enabled the development of next-generation therapeutic systems that possess autonomous navigation capabilities and real-time responsiveness to tumor microenvironments. Among these, biohybrid nanorobots—constructed by integrating synthetic nanoparticles with biological elements such as enzymes, membranes, and cellular fragments—represent a paradigm shift in precision oncology. These nanorobots, powered by enzyme-driven propulsion systems, are capable of traversing biological fluids, locating cancerous tissues, and releasing therapeutic agents directly at tumor sites with minimal off-target effects. This paper investigates the working mechanisms, fabrication strategies, propulsion dynamics, and tumor-targeting pathways of these systems. It also contextualizes the technology within the landscape of pre-2024 literature and evaluates their transformative potential for personalized and minimally invasive cancer treatment.