SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LAWS IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS

Solid waste management (SWM) is a pressing environmental and public health challenge in India, exacerbated by rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns. Despite the presence of a robust legal and policy framework, the country continues to struggle with issues such as inadequate waste collection, inefficient disposal systems, and low public awareness. This study critically analyses the legal and policy frameworks governing solid waste management in India, examining their effectiveness, implementation gaps, and the challenges faced in enforcing compliance. The paper explores key legislations, including the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, and sector-specific waste regulations, along with policy initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and Smart Cities Mission. While these laws and policies have brought notable improvements, challenges such as poor infrastructure, financial constraints, and ineffective monitoring mechanisms persist. The study emphasizes the need for strengthened governance, technological integration, financial investment, and active citizen participation to ensure sustainable waste management. A holistic approach combining regulatory enforcement, decentralized waste processing, and circular economy principles is essential to achieve long-term environmental sustainability in India's waste management sector.