Migraine: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment

Migraine is a prevalent and disabling neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of unilateral, pulsating headaches that can last from hours to days. These headaches are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia, significantly impacting daily life. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria, though neuroimaging is recommended in atypical cases to rule out secondary causes.Treatment strategies focus on both acute symptom relief and long-term prevention. Acute therapies include NSAIDs, triptans, gepants, and ditans, while preventive treatments involve beta-blockers, antiepileptics, antidepressants, CGRP monoclonal antibodies, and lifestyle modifications. This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and evolving treatment MODALITIES, aiming to enhance the understanding and management of this complex neurological disorder.