Clinical Profile of Patients Admitted with Pleural Effusion on the Basis of Biochemical, Cytological and Molecular Analysis

Background: Pleural effusion involves excess fluid accumulation in the pleural space and can be classified as transudative or exudative based on its cause. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Objective: This study aims to explore the clinical, biochemical, cytological, and molecular diagnostic profiles of pleural fluid to determine the causes of pleural effusion. Methods: Conducted at LLRM Medical College, Meerut, from April 1, 2023, to March 31, 2024, the study included patients over 5 years with pleural effusion. Data on demographics, symptoms, effusion types, causes, and diagnostic tests (ADA levels and CBNAAT) were collected. Results: The study involved 140 patients, predominantly male (65.7%) and younger adults. Exudative effusions were more common (64.3%) than transudative (35.7%). Tuberculosis was the leading cause (46.4%), followed by congestive cardiac failure (18.6%) and malignancy (13.6%). ADA was above reference value of >40IU in 89.2% patients of tuberculosis. CBNAAT was positive in 40% of tuberculosis cases, highlighting the need for a combination of diagnostic methods. Conclusions: Exudative effusions are prevalent, with tuberculosis being a major cause. ADA levels are valuable for diagnosis, while CBNAAT underscores the importance of using multiple diagnostic approaches. Comprehensive evaluation and advanced diagnostics are crucial for managing pleural effusion, especially in high- tuberculosis regions.