Myositis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, And Treatment

Myositis refers to a group of rare inflammatory muscle disorders characterized by muscle weakness, fatigue, and chronic inflammation. The major types include polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), and necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM). The exact etiology remains unclear, but genetic predisposition, autoimmune mechanisms, and environmental triggers, including infections and certain medications, are implicated. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, muscle enzyme levels, electromyography, MRI, and muscle biopsy findings. Autoantibodies, such as anti-Jo-1 and anti-Mi-2, play a crucial role in differentiating subtypes. Treatment primarily involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressant, and, in refractory cases, biologic therapies like Rituximab or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Physical therapy is essential to maintain muscle function. Recent research focuses on novel biomarkers, targeted therapies, and the role of immune modulation. Despitead vancements, disease prognosis varies with IBM being particularly resistant to treatment. Future studies are needed to explore more effective and personalized therapeutic approaches. This review highlights the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and evolving treatment strategies for myositis.