Sustainable Construction with Coconut Shell Aggregate: A Review on Properties and Applications

The construction industry is witnessing a growing demand for sustainable materials due to the depletion of natural resources and environmental concerns. One such material is coconut shell aggregate (CSA), which is being explored as a viable alternative to conventional coarse aggregates. This review investigates the potential of coconut shells as a lightweight aggregate in concrete, addressing its availability, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, and the environmental benefits it offers. Coconut shells, which are abundant in regions like India, present an opportunity to repurpose waste and reduce the environmental burden associated with disposal. The properties of CSA, including its shape, size, specific gravity, water absorption, and surface texture, are critical factors influencing the performance of coconut shell concrete. Studies show that coconut shell aggregates offer comparable mechanical and durability properties to conventional aggregates, including compressive strength, workability, and impact resistance. Furthermore, coconut shell concrete is lightweight, providing enhanced thermal insulation and reduced energy consumption, making it an attractive choice for eco-friendly construction. This review consolidates findings from various studies, highlighting the suitability of coconut shell aggregates for producing cost-effective, sustainable, and durable concrete. The potential of CSA in addressing the environmental challenges of the construction sector is evident, offering a promising alternative to traditional aggregates.