Harnessing Nature: Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Banana Peel and Their Impact on Seed Germination

This study investigates the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) using banana peel extracts (BPE) and evaluates their effects on seed germination and growth in millet (Eleusinecoracana). ZNP were synthesized through an eco-friendly method involving the reaction of zinc acetate with BPE, followed by characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), nergy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The UV-Vis spectra revealed distinct absorption peaks indicative of ZnO formation, while FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of organic compounds in the BPE that stabilize the nanoparticles. XRD results showed a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and SEM images exhibited predominantly rod-shaped nanoparticles. EDX analysis indicated a composition of 32.88% zinc and 67.12% oxygen, affirming the purity of the synthesized ZNP. Dynamic Light Scattering measurements revealed an average nanoparticle size of 102.5 nm. The phytotoxicity assessment demonstrated that lower concentrations of ZNP (30 mg/L) significantly enhanced germination rates and root and shoot lengths, while higher concentrations (90 mg/L) inhibited germination and growth, suggesting potential toxicity. Notably, fungal contamination was observed at 70 mg/L, indicating concentration-dependent effects. These findings highlight the potential of banana peel extract for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and underscore the importance of optimizing nanoparticle concentrations to maximize beneficial effects on plant growth while minimizing toxicity. This research contributes to the growing interest in eco-friendly practices within nanotechnology and agriculture, promoting the use of plant-derived materials for enhancing crop resilience.