Principles and Applications of Seismic Reflection Geophysical Technique in Petroleum Exploration and Production: A Review

This paper investigates the role of seismic reflection techniques in petroleum exploration and production, focusing on advancements in 2D and 3D seismic technologies, inversion methods, and data processing techniques such as pre-stack depth migration (PSDM) and full-waveform inversion (FWI). The integration of seismic data with well information has significantly improved the characterization of reservoirs, enhancing decision-making in the placement of wells and management of production. Case histories, such as those from Nigeria's Integration of Seismic and Well Log Data for Reservoir Characterization in Offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria and Agbami fields, demonstrate how these advanced seismic techniques optimize hydrocarbon recovery, reduce production risks, and refine exploration success. Furthermore, the future of seismic techniques in resource exploration is discussed with attention to their roles in sustainability, cost efficiency, and the energy transition.