The potential of methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles to alleviate autoimmune arthritis in the clinical context of a urinary tract infection

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory illness marked by inflammation and overgrowth of the synovial membrane, leading to the creation of rheumatoid pannus. Method: 125 urine samples and blood were obtained from individuals diagnosed with RA who sought medical attention at the general hospital in the province between the dates of 2 January and 14 February 2024. Blood sample was drawn for the purpose of conducting a series of immune tests, including those for IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, and TLR2 and TLR4. Vitro study employed a total of 50 rats, consisting 25 males and 25 females. The rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups, The sham group was supplied physiological saline (0.9%), whereas the control/induction group got an intradermal injection 100 μg of CII emulsified. The MTX group was treated with methotrexate (MTX). The group treated with nano-asparagine solely comprised rats that were treated with MTX. Results: Mean age and BMI were 31 and 23. Participants aged >50 years accounted for 46%, with 39% classified as obese per WHO standards. Most participants were female (68%). There were 47 patients (37.67%) with E. coli and 28 patients (22.33%) with Klebsiella pneumoniae. At the probability level (P < 0.05), the current study's findings, which aimed to identify the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-13, toll-like receptor 2, and toll-like receptor 4, showed statistically significant differences. The % in female patients was significantly greater than the percentage in male patients, reaching 1.23 ± 0.033, 1.15 ± 0.58, 1.069±0.236, 1.532 ± 0.173, 0.90 ± 0.022, and 0.96 ± 0.018 pg/ml, respectively. The mean results for the patients were 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.27 ± 0.02, 0.4831 ± 0.0528, 0.4259 ± 0.0554, 0.5187 ± 0.0950, and 0.4748 ± 0.0776 pg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Our investigation shows MTX-NPs effectively treat CIA in rats. Subcutaneous MTX-NPs reduced arthritis progression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammatory factor levels, highlighting their potential as an advanced alternative to standard MTX therapy.