Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Transmitted through the bites of infected female Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia sandflies, VL predominantly affects individuals in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in South Asia, East Africa, and South America. The disease presents with systemic symptoms such as prolonged fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Untreated cases often result in death. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and prevention strategies for visceral leishmaniasis, with a focus on recent advancements and challenges in its management.