Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major global health concern, with significant genetic contributions to its aetiology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are pivotal genetic variations influencing PCa susceptibility, progression, and therapeutic outcomes. This review synthesises current knowledge on SNPs in PCa, exploring their role in disease risk, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications. It covers the historical context of PCa, its epidemiology in Indian, Asian, and global populations, and the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Additionally, the review addresses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its genetic overlap with PCa, current research trends, and future directions for leveraging SNPs in precision medicine. By integrating findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and functional analyses, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of SNPs in PCa and their potential in improving diagnosis and treatment strategies.