Exclusive breastfeeding as a cornerstone for the survival and health of newborns: Sociocultural, economic, and structural influences among Indigenous Pygmy women

Introduction Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a cornerstone of newborn survival and health. However, among Indigenous Pygmy women, sociocultural, economic, and structural factors influence its practice. This systematic review explores the challenges and opportunities related to EBF in these communities. Purpose To analyze the sociocultural, economic, and health determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among Indigenous Pygmy women and identify barriers and strategies for improvement. Methods A systematic search was conducted in scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) to identify studies published between 2020 and 2024. The inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing EBF among Indigenous Pygmy women in Central Africa. Data were synthesized both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results Findings indicate that the prevalence of EBF among Pygmy women ranges from 20% to 45%, significantly lower than the WHO-recommended global target of 70%. Barriers include cultural beliefs about infant feeding, the early introduction of complementary foods (observed in 60% of cases), limited access to healthcare (reported by 75% of participants), and a lack of knowledge about the benefits of EBF. Interventions such as community-based education programs have demonstrated a 25% increase in EBF adoption rates in some regions. Conclusion Promoting EBF among Indigenous Pygmy women requires culturally sensitive strategies and multisectoral interventions. Greater community involvement, combined with strengthened health systems, could help address identified barriers and improve neonatal health outcomes in these populations.