Impact of forefoot biasing footwear and modeling approaches on Achilles tendon loading estimates during dynamic movements

The Achilles tendon is an important link between the triceps surae plantarflexors and the calcaneus, transmitting force developed by the muscles into movement of the ankle joint. The Achilles tendon is subjected to repetitive loading from everyday activities, like walking. Despite being the strongest tendon in the body,3 acute increases in loading placed on the tendon can cause degeneration of its structural components, ultimately resulting in the development of Achilles Tendinopathy (AT).4