Bioplastics and marine invertebrates: assessing immunological and environmental impacts in the transition from petrochemical to sustainable polymers

Nowadays, bioplastics are widely considered as a viable alternative to traditional petrochemical-based plastics. Given the significant projected growth in bioplastic production in the coming years, there is an urgent need to assess whether the environmental challenges associated with conventional plastics are being transferred to bioplastics. This review integrates and discusses the most recent and important findings to analyze and consolidate the existing literature on this novel and urgent environmental concern, exploring the relationships among plastics, bioplastics, the chemicals they contain, and marine invertebrates exposed to them in natural environments.