Innovation, Human capital and Economic growth in Ethiopia: A systematic review and empirical analysis

In today’s world, national innovation system (NIS) is one way of fostering economic growth, especially in developing countries. Human capital, research and development (R&D) and other innovation activities are the fundamental pillars of NIS. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of human capital, innovation (patent as a proxy) and R&D on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate through systematic review and empirical analysis. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to analyze the data extracted from the World Bank database and world innovation patent office data set from year 1990 to 2023. From the systematic review result, the roles of human capital and R&D expenditure have shown a positive influence on GDP growth rate of Ethiopia. The estimated model re-enforced the systematic review result as both human capital and R&D have shown statistically significant effect on GDP growth rate. In addition, gross capital formation and utility patent have also positive effect on real GDP growth. Recognizing the crucial role of human capital and R&D, this study suggests to the Ethiopian government to bolster these areas to drive effective economic growth. Fostering strong collaboration among NIS actors, and developing policies that strategically expand the pool of skilled and educated individuals in various sectors are recommended.