Research the therapeutic, physicochemical, and pharmaceutical properties of the active compounds found in Tribulus terrestris (TT)

Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is rich in bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have been researched for their therapeutic properties. Its diuretic effects can help with hypertension and edema, its aphrodisiac properties can aid sexual function, and its antilithic properties can prevent kidney stone formation. The physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Tribulus terrestris are currently being studied.Methods and Materials: We utilized the PubChem database to gather data on the studied compounds, including their formulas and structures. Subsequently, we employed SwissADME software to assess the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of these compounds in Tribulus terrestris (TT).Results and Discussion: Steroidal saponins and sterols exhibit varying solubility levels in physiological fluids due to their hydrophobic nature and glycosylation patterns. Flavonoids, on the other hand, demonstrate favorable solubility. Compounds like (25R)-Spirosta-3,5-dien, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol have low polarity, whereas Terrestrosin K, Terrestrosin F, Terrestroside B, Protodioscin, and Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside can form more hydrogen bonds. Steroidal saponins are more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Kaempferol, chrysin, and quercetin show inhibitory effects on specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. β-sitosterol and stigmasterol have high rates of skin absorption. The bioavailability score ranges from 0.11 to 0.55, and synthetic accessibility scores are generally high.Conclusion: The steroidal saponins and flavonoids found in Tribulus terrestris show therapeutic potential for conditions such as hypertension, edema, and sexual dysfunction. Many of them possess favorable pharmaceutical properties for clinical use.