The BangladEsh Longitudinal Investigation of Emerging Vascular and nonvascular Events (BELIEVE) cohort study

Purpose Bangladesh has experienced a rapid epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in recent decades. There is, however, limited evidence about multi-dimensional determinants of NCDs in this population. The BangladEsh Longitudinal Investigation of Emerging Vascular and nonvascular Events (BELIEVE) study is a household-based prospective cohort study established to investigate biological, behavioural, environmental, and broader determinants of NCDs. Participants Between January 2016 and March 2020, 73,883 participants (aged 11 years or older) were recruited from 30,817 households across urban, urban-poor (“slum”) and rural settings in Bangladesh. An structured questionnaire was administered by trained personnel recording participants’ demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural, medical, environmental and other factors. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were recorded for each participant. Biological specimens were collected and aliquoted for long-term storage and analysis. Findings to date Of the 73,883 study participants (mean [SD] baseline age: 39 [15] years), 43,470 (59%) were females, and 38,848 (52%) had no or only primary-level education. Focusing only on the 65,822 adults participants aged 20 to 79 years at baseline, 15,411 (23%) reported being diagnosed with hypertension; 10,578 (16%) with type 2 diabetes; and 7,624 (12%) with hypercholesterolaemia. Age and sex standardised prevalences of these conditions were much higher in urban than slum and rural settings. Overall, mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) was 25 (5) kg/m2, with 10,442 (16%) participants aged 20 to 79, classified as obese (i.e., BMI30 kg/m2). Mean BMI was also higher in urban than slum and rural areas. Future plans Collection of information at baseline visit was completed in 2020. Regular longitudinal follow-up is ongoing for ascertainment and adjudication of a range of fatal and non-fatal health outcomes among participants. This cohort will provide a powerful resource to investigate multi-dimensional determinants of incident NCDs across diverse settings in Bangladesh, helping to advance scientific discovery and public health action in an archetypal low-middle-income country with pressing public health needs.