Key topological metrics obtained for villous vessels generated with different global distribution penalty weights (<i>cf</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>cf</i><sub>2</sub>).

<p><i>cf</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>cf</i><sub>2</sub> greatly affect the spatial distribution of vascular branches, as quantified by distances between vascular nodes and the basal plate (Distance 1) or between different vascular nodes (Distance 2). To obtain fetal trees with appropriate spatial dispersion, a middle range of values is recommended (e.g. <i>cf</i><sub>1</sub> = 0.5–0.7; <i>cf</i><sub>2</sub> = 0.3–0.5).</p> <p>(PDF)</p>