Research progress on digestion, absorption and health efficacy of astaxanthin ester

Astaxanthin is primarily found in both free and esterified forms in nature, With astaxanthin esters presenting various structural variations. These forms differ significantly in their digestive, absorption, and health-related functions compared to free astaxanthin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research regarding the sources, digestion and absorption characteristics, and health benefits of astaxanthin esters, based on an analysis of domestic and international studies. It examines how the presence of fatty acids affects the digestion and absorption of astaxanthin ester and discusses their functional activity and potential mechanisms. Additionally, the review highlights existing challenges in the development and utilization of astaxanthin esters.