Appendix Methods and Results.

<i>Appendix Methods.</i> Table A: Summary of assumptions underlying the Markov models. <b>Table B:</b> Numbers and characteristics of study participants in each country. <b>Table C:</b> Weighted average of age- and sex-specific baseline prevalence estimates for each health state in the model across all countries. <b>Fig A:</b> Weighted average of transition probabilities to cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, dementia, and functional impairment by age, across all countries. <b>Fig B:</b> Age- and sex-specific projections for mortality rates by year. <b>Table D:</b> COVID-19 mortality rates according to reported numbers of COVID-19 deaths 2020−2022. <b>Table E:</b> Relative risks of mortality from each state compared to the general population. <b>Fig C:</b> Comparison of mortality rates expected in the absence of the pandemic with estimated actual mortality rates with and without disability over 2020−2022. <b>Table F:</b> Proportion of excess deaths in 2020−2022 that was estimated to occur with disability by age group. <b>Fig D:</b> Age-standardized all-cause and COVID-19 mortality rates in men and women in 2020 and 2021 in the United Kingdom by disease and disability status, comparing the model outputs with those reported by the Office for National Statistics. <b>Fig E:</b> Age-standardized incidence of cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer’s disease across European countries over time. <i>Appendix Results</i>. <b>Fig F</b>: Person-years of life lost per 1,000 population aged 35 and over, by country, explained and not explained by registered COVID deaths over the years 2020–2022. <b>Table G:</b> Person-years of life lost (PYLL) by cause in the population aged 35 and over during the years 2020–2022. <b>Table H:</b> Disabled and disability-free person-years of life lost (PYLL) in the population aged 35 and over during the years 2020–2022. <b>Fig G:</b> Person-years of life lost with and without disability in the population aged 35 and over, by age-group and sex. <b>Fig H:</b> Person-years of life lost per 1,000 population over the years 2020–2022 by vaccination coverage and 2019 Gross Domestic Product per capita. <b>Fig I:</b> Change in life expectancy at 35 over time in the decade leading to the pandemic (2009–2019). <b>Table I:</b> Life-expectancy at age 35 (LE) with and without disability by country and year. <b>Fig J:</b> Life-expectancy at age 35 by gross domestic product per capita, 2019–2022. (PDF)