Key topological metrics obtained for chorionic vessels generated with different global distribution penalty weights (<i>cf</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>cf</i><sub>2</sub>).

<p>Higher <i>cf</i><sub>2</sub> values result in fewer chorionic vessels, along with reduced spread and smaller mean path lengths. This is the result of vessels being generated towards the centroid of the chorionic plate. Higher <i>cf</i><sub>1</sub> values, on the other hand, promote greater vessel distribution across the chorionic plate, with an increased number of vessels and longer mean path lengths, though this can cause vessels to bypass the inner region of the chorionic plate. To achieve a balanced distribution of vessels while maintaining appropriate topological characteristics, a middle range of values is recommended (e.g. <i>cf</i><sub>1</sub> = 0.3–0.7; <i>cf</i><sub>2</sub> = 0.3–0.7).</p> <p>(PDF)</p>