Water Disinfection Systems for Pools and Spas: Advantages,\nDisadvantages, and Consumer Views in the US

Disinfection of swimming\npools and hot tubs (pools/spas) are necessary\nto prevent outbreaks and exposure to waterborne pathogens from water\nrecreation. However, harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from heavy\nchlorine usage continue to be a growing concern. Chlorine-based disinfectants\nalso react with human inputs like sweat, urine, cosmetics, sunscreen,\netc., that are introduced in a pool/spa, further increasing the severity\nof the DBP problem. We reviewed the current status of water disinfection\ntechnologies in the pool/spa industry and summarize the methods, trends,\nadvantages, and disadvantages from a health and consumer viewpoint.\nMarket research and face-to-face interviews were also accomplished\nwith 100 industry experts and end-users in the US. We then integrate\nthe literature findings in parallel with these market insights. Overall,\nwe conclude the future of water recreation is trending away from high\ndosage chlorine-based solutions to disinfect swimming water and turning\nto alternatives with better sustainability and safety in mind. Lastly,\nwe discuss the future directions of these technologies with current\nand past trends, offering insights to where research and development\nshould be focused for both the user’s health and overall experience.