Microelectrode Arraysfor ElectrochemicalCyclingof Individual Battery Particles

The electrochemical characterization of battery materials is usually performed on porous electrodes containing conductive additives, binders, and ensembles of redox-active particles at densities as high as 10¹⁵ cm^–3. These complex structures often obscure individual battery particles’ intrinsic properties, hindering insights into the fundamentals of battery electrochemistry. To address this challenge, we developed microelectrode arrays to enable the charge and discharge of individual battery particles in liquid electrolytes. In this Methods and Protocols paper, we describe the fabrication of the microelectrode array chips, the assembly of particles onto microelectrodes, and the different types of electrochemical techniques that can be used, including galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic intermittent titration, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We use micron-sized lithium cobalt oxide as a model system to showcase the reliability and versatility of single-particle electrochemical experiments enabled by our microelectrode array. We aim to provide a detailed description to promote future uses of microelectrode arrays in fundamental research of batteries and other electrochemical systems.