Heterogeneous\nBisphosphine Ligand-Encapsulated Rh\nCatalysts for Heterogeneous Hydroformylation of Alkenes with CO<sub>2</sub>

The development of convenient and effective heterogeneous\ncatalysts\nfor the hydroformylation of alkenes with CO<sub>2</sub> remains a\nchallenge. Herein, we describe the encapsulation of single-atom Rh\ncatalysts in a porous heterogeneous bisphosphine ligand for the hydroformylation\nof aromatic and aliphatic alkenes with CO<sub>2</sub>. The optimal\ncatalyst Rh@Dppe&PPh<sub>3</sub> shows excellent catalytic activity\nfor alkenes/CO<sub>2</sub> hydroformylation with good conversion (91%)\nand high yield (89%), which is comparable to homogeneous catalysts.\nThe catalysts are characterized by different analysis techniques such\nas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron\nspectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron\nmicroscopy (TEM), N<sub>2</sub> adsorption/desorption, thermogravimetry\n(TG), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy\n(ICP-AES). Moreover, the catalyst can be reused for at least three\nsuccessive cycles without obvious loss of activity. This discovery\nprovides a promising pathway for the conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to\nvalue-added chemicals.