Spatial Modeling\nand Economical Evaluation of Water\nCorrosion and Scaling in Water Distribution Network

The purpose of this research is to assess the corrosion\nand scaling\nthe potential of a water distribution network (WDN) using Geostatistics\n(GS<sup>+</sup>) software, and to estimate the operation and maintenance\ncosts of some home appliances (heating and cooling units). The inquiry\nscheme was to monitor the water quality of WDN of Saveh City (Iran),\nand 40 points from four districts on the WDN were sampled. The pH,\ntemperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids\n(TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), and calcium hardness\n(CH) were all measured and used to calculate various corrosion and\nscaling indices such as the Langlier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar\nstability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and aggressive\nindex (AI). The pH value for all districts follows EPA standards and\nWHO guidelines, with an average value of 7.92 ± 0.34. Overall,\nvalues of TDS (1728.83 ± 167.83 mg/L) and EC (3.53 ± 0.31\nmS/cm) are relatively high, indicating brackish water quality. Furthermore,\nthe TH and CH values are 519.55 ± 65.33 and 297.70 ± 69.44\nmg/L, respectively, indicating a tendency to precipitate calcium carbonate\n(CaCO<sub>3</sub>) and scale formation. According to spatial modeling,\nthe highest R<sup>2</sup> = 0.640 achieved was related to the exponential\nmodel for the RIS index and showed a high confidence level for RIS\ndata set and forecasted trends. The results of the spatial analysis\ndemonstrated that the variation of the scaling tendency of water in\nthe four districts of Saveh WDN followed the different sources of\nwater supply. According to the cost estimates, people in the study\narea spend about 212,652 USD per year on the maintenance of household\nappliances. To provide better customer service, the water company\nneeds to chemically improve water quality by modifying CH and TA concentrations\n for stable water and rethink network management strategies.