Photovoltaic Efficiency Optimization of Electrodeposited\nMAPbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite: Impact of Ammonium Valeric Acid Iodide\nAdditive

Electrodeposition\nis being investigated as an alternative method\nfor developing large-area perovskite active layers for carbon-based\nsolar cells. This study focuses on incorporating the 5-ammonium valeric\nacid iodide (5-AVAI) additive into the established MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite. Previous research has shown that 5-AVAI can enhance\nthe performance and stability of similar solar cells produced via\nspin-coating, drop-casting, or inkjet printing. However, its impact\non solar cells with electrodeposited active layers remains unexplored.\nThis research investigated the synthesis and characterization of mixed\n3D–2D perovskites in the (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>)<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>((AVA)<sub>2</sub>PbI<sub>4</sub>)<sub><i>x</i></sub> family processed by electrodeposition. By varying both the\nconversion times and 5-AVAI concentrations, we analyzed the structural,\noptical, and photovoltaic properties of these novel perovskites. An\nintricate interplay between the conversion parameters and the perovskite\nproperties is evident. Notably, photovoltaic devices with a specific\nquantity of 5-AVAI showed a 65% enhancement in the power conversion\nefficiency after 150 h of post-treatment at 40 °C under vacuum.\nThese findings open the way to the improved performance of electrodeposited\nMAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskites.