Autonomous Sweating Wearable Platform for Bilirubin\nSensing Based on Thermal Stimulation

Bilirubin\n(BR), with diverse physiological functions and health\nimplications, is a vital biomarker related to liver diseases such\nas jaundice and hepatitis. It is generally tested by blood. Sweat\nwearable devices provide a noninvasive way to monitor BR but face\nchallenges in stability and selectivity, and acquiring sufficient\nsweat is difficult for sedentary individuals. This study introduces\nan innovative autonomous sweating wearable platform for noninvasive\nmonitoring of bilirubin levels. The platform incorporates an autonomous\nheating film for controlled sweat extraction, a skin-interfaced microfluidic\nsystem for efficient sweat sampling, and a flexible electrode for\naccurate BR sensing. The utilization of MXene/MWCNT in the platform\nenables precise and sensitive electrochemical detection of trace-level\nBR directly on the skin. The integration of a laser-engraved flexible\nheating film and a microfluidic system allows for controlled and reliable\nsweat sampling, enabling easy biomarker detection at rest. The platform\ndemonstrates effective sweat sampling and accurate BR detection, showcasing\nits potential for noninvasive health monitoring applications. Its\ndesign and functionality offer a promising solution for continuous\nand convenient monitoring of BR levels, providing a novel approach\nto sweat biomarker analysis.