Shape\nand Size Dependence of Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution,\nand Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extensively utilized in\nbiomolecular\nsensing, photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and various imaging\ntechniques like photoacoustic and fluorescent imaging. Despite their\ndiverse applications, inconsistent findings from previous toxicity\nstudies underscore the critical need for standardized methodologies.\nThis study introduces ten distinct types of AuNPscubes, stars,\nrods, dumbbells, and bipyramids at sizes of 50 and 100 nm, to systematically\nassess their toxicity under controlled conditions both <i>in\nvitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Our findings reveal a\nclear correlation between cytotoxicity and the morphology, size, incubation\nduration, and concentration of AuNPs. Anisotropically shaped nanoparticles,\nsuch as nanorods, nanodumbbells, and nanobipyramids, tend to exhibit\nhigher cytotoxicity compared to more spherical forms like nanocubes\nand nanostars. Interestingly, while <i>in vivo</i> plasma\nbiochemistry parameters show minimal variation, biodistribution, histopathological\nalterations, and pharmacokinetics are notably influenced by the shape\nand size of AuNPs. In most instances, smaller and anisotropic AuNPs\nthat remain in the bloodstream for extended periods are observed.\nThis research offers significant insights into the design of AuNPs\nwith specific morphologies and sizes, particularly for their application\nin drug delivery systems <i>via</i> intravenous injection.\nThese outcomes emphasize the nuanced toxicity profiles of AuNPs, necessitating\ntailored approaches in preclinical and clinical research.