TIMS²Rescore: A Data Dependent Acquisition-ParallelAccumulation and Serial Fragmentation-Optimized Data-Driven RescoringPipeline Based on MS²Rescore

The high throughput analysis of proteins with mass spectrometry (MS) is highly valuable for understanding human biology, discovering disease biomarkers, identifying therapeutic targets, and exploring pathogen interactions. To achieve these goals, specialized proteomics subfields, including plasma proteomics, immunopeptidomics, and metaproteomics, must tackle specific analytical challenges, such as an increased identification ambiguity compared to routine proteomics experiments. Technical advancements in MS instrumentation can mitigate these issues by acquiring more discerning information at higher sensitivity levels. This is exemplified by the incorporation of ion mobility and parallel accumulation and serial fragmentation (PASEF) technologies in timsTOF instruments. In addition, AI-based bioinformatics solutions can help overcome ambiguity issues by integrating more data into the identification workflow. Here, we introduce TIMS²Rescore, a data-driven rescoring workflow optimized for DDA-PASEF data from timsTOF instruments. This platform includes new timsTOF MS²PIP spectrum prediction models and IM2Deep, a new deep learning-based peptide ion mobility predictor. Furthermore, to fully streamline data throughput, TIMS²Rescore directly accepts Bruker raw mass spectrometry data and search results from ProteoScape and many other search engines, including Sage and PEAKS. We showcase TIMS²Rescore performance on plasma proteomics, immunopeptidomics (HLA class I and II), and metaproteomics data sets. TIMS²Rescore is open-source and freely available at https://github.com/compomics/tims2rescore.