A\nBiomimetic Nociceptor Based on a Vertical Multigate,\nMultichannel Neuromorphic Transistor

Nociceptors, crucial\nsensory receptors within biological systems,\nare essential for survival in diverse and potentially hazardous environments.\nEfforts to replicate nociceptors through advanced electronic devices,\nsuch as memristors and neuromorphic transistors, have achieved limited\nsuccess, capturing basic nociceptive functions while more advanced\ncharacteristics like various forms of central sensitization and analgesic\neffect remain out of reach. Here, we introduce a vertical multigate,\nmultichannel electrolyte-gated transistor (Vm-EGT), designed to mimic\nnociceptors. Utilizing the hybrid mechanism combining electric-double-layer\n(EDL) with ion intercalation/deintercalation in EGTs, our approach\nsuccessfully replicates peripheral sensitization and desensitization\ncharacteristics of nociceptors. The intricate multigate and multichannel\ndesign of the Vm-EGT enables the emulation of more advanced nociceptive\nfunctionalities, including central sensitization and analgesic effect.\nFurthermore, we demonstrate that by exploiting the inherent current–voltage\nrelationship, the Vm-EGT can simulate these advanced nociceptive features\nand seamlessly transition between them. Integrating a Vm-EGT with\na thermistor and a heating plate, we have developed an artificial\nthermal nociceptor that closely mirrors the sensory attributes of\nits biological counterpart. Our approach significantly advances the\nemulation of nociceptors, providing a basis for the development of\nsophisticated artificial sensory systems and intelligent robotics.