High efficiency veto hadron calorimeter in the NA64 experiment at CERN

NA64 is a fixed-target experiment at the CERN SPS designed to search for Light particle Dark Matter (LDM) candidates with masses in the sub-GeV range. During the 2016–2022 runs, the experiment obtained the world-leading constraints, leaving, however, part of the well-motivated region of parameter space suggested by benchmark LDM models still unexplored. To further improve sensitivity, as part of the upgrades to the setup of NA64 at the CERN SPS H4 beamline, a prototype veto hadron calorimeter (VHCAL) was installed in the downstream region of the experiment during the 2023 run. The VHCAL, made of Cu-Sc layers, was expected to be an efficient veto against upstream electroproduction of large-angle hadrons or photon–nuclear interactions, reducing the background from secondary particles escaping the detector acceptance. With the collected statistics of <math altimg="si1.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1503"><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo linebreak="goodbreak" linebreakstyle="after">×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>11</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> electrons on target (EOT), we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by rejecting this background by more than an order of magnitude. This result provides an essential input for designing a full-scale optimized VHCAL to continue running background-free during LHC Run 4, when we expect to collect <math altimg="si2.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1524"><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> EOT. Furthermore, this technique combined with improvements in the analysis enables us to decrease our missing energy threshold from <math altimg="si3.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1537"><mrow><mn>50</mn><mspace width="0.16667em"/><mstyle mathvariant="normal"><mi>G</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>V</mi></mstyle></mrow></math> to <math altimg="si4.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1552"><mrow><mn>40</mn><mspace width="0.16667em"/><mstyle mathvariant="normal"><mi>G</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>V</mi></mstyle></mrow></math>, thereby enhancing the signal sensitivity of NA64.