Three-Dimensional\nElectrodes of Liquid Metals for\nLong-Term, Wireless Cardiac Analysis and Modulation

Cardiovascular disease is a major public health issue,\nand smart\ndiagnostic approaches play an important role in the analysis of electrocardiograms.\nHere, we present three-dimensional, soft electrodes of liquid metals\nthat can be conformably attached to the surfaces of the heart and\nskin for long-term cardiac analysis. The fine micropillar structures\nof biocompatible liquid metals enable precise targeting to small tissue\nareas, allowing for spatiotemporal mapping and modulation of cardiac\nelectrical activity with high resolution. The low mechanical modulus\nof these liquid-metal electrodes not only helps avoid inflammatory\nresponses triggered by modulus mismatch between the tissue and electrodes,\nbut also minimizes pain when embedded in biological tissues such as\nthe skin and heart. Furthermore, in vivo experiments with animal models\nand human trials demonstrate long-term and accurate monitoring of\nelectrocardiograms over a period of 30 days.