Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Analysis Provides\nInsights into the Formation of Volatile Compounds in Three Different\nPolyembryonic Mango Cultivars

Understanding\nvolatile compound formation is critical for enhancing\nthe flavor quality of mangoes. Integrated untargeted metabolomics\nand proteomics were employed to explore volatile compound formation\nin three different polyembryonic mango cultivars (“Ah Ping,”\n“Rosa,” and “Rosigold”). A total of 87\nvolatile compounds were identified using SPME–GC–MS.\nUntargeted metabolomics and proteomics resulted in identification\nof 508 metabolites and 4481 proteins, respectively. Integrative analysis\nrevealed that the volatile compound formation was influenced by fatty\nacids, amino acids, pentose, and hexose, as well as terpenoid metabolisms.\nSpecifically, upward expression of core enzymes in lipoxygenanse pathway\nwas responsible for the higher levels of some C6 and C9 volatile compounds\nin “Ah Ping.” The differential expression of key enzymes\nin fatty acid degradation facilitates the varied contents of straight-chain\nvolatile compounds. The upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase and\nbranched-chain amino acid aminotransferase upstream of butanoate metabolism\nled to the highest levels of butyl esters in “Ah Ping.”\nFurthermore, the different levels of volatile furan and pyran compounds\nmight be attributed to differential expression of critical enzymes\nin pentose and hexose metabolism. These findings established a metabolic\nand proteomic map unraveling the biosynthesis of specific volatile\ncompounds and provided insights into understanding the characteristic\nflavor of mango.