Functional Annotation and Enrichment Analysis

DEG analysis results were processed with InterProScan (version 5.51-85.0) to identify protein domains and assign Gene Ontology (GO) terms. GO enrichment analysis was performed using GOATools (version 0.6.5). Significantly enriched GO terms were identified via Fisher’s Exact Test, and multiple testing correction was applied using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. GO terms with an FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.05 were deemed significantly enriched. Under various stress conditions, GO enrichment analysis revealed the induction of distinct molecular and biological processes, illustrating the plant’s adaptive responses.