Attenuation of inflammatory response via <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> seeds-derived <i>Penicillium</i> sp. metabolites in immunocompromised rats

Metabolic profiling of the ethyl acetate extract of <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> seeds associated with <i>Penicillium</i> sp. resulted in the dereplication of sixteen compounds (<b>1–16</b>). The present work investigated the combined wound-healing potential of BMMSCs and <i>Penicillium</i> sp. extract in immunocompromised rats. The BMMSCs/<i>Penicillium</i> sp. extract combination could attenuate the oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and NF-KB activation, at day 16. Network pharmacology identified ten key genes connected to the wound-healing process: AKT1, TNF, STAT3, TP53, IL1B, MMP9, CASP3, PTGS2, IFNG, and NFKB1. Furthermore, the Gene Ontology analysis of the selected protein-coding genes demonstrated that the enriched functions and pathways were predominantly associated with the positive regulation of cell migration, positive regulation of locomotion, and wound healing. This combination shows potential for advancing regenerative medicine and could be a revolutionary approach for wound healing in immunocompromised patients. However, further safety evaluations and clinical trials are still required.