Fermentative production, comparative characterization with carrots, and functional analysis of β-carotene produced from Rhodotorulla toruloids

Beta-carotene, a widely demanded red-orange pigment, has multiple applications in the food, cosmetic, and textile industries. Synthetic pigments are associated with harmful side effects, which necessitates the exploration of natural alternatives. Rhodotorula toruloides, a yeast strain, offers a promising natural source of β-carotene, potentially overcoming the limitations posed by traditional plant-based sources like carrots.