Superhydrophobic wonders: A comprehensive review of nanomaterial-based surfaces and their myriad applications

Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) exhibit exceptional water repellency characterized by a high contact angle (>150°), extremely low surface energy, and minimal sliding angle (<5°). They demonstrate minimal contact angle hysteresis (<10°) and excellent Cassie-Baxter state stability. These properties, attributed to the surface's unique micro- and nano-structures or tailored chemical composition, induce a non-wetting behavior. SHSs hold significant promise for a wide range of applications due to their captivating functionalities, including efficient oil-water separation, drag reduction, anti-fogging, anti-biofouling, self-cleaning capabilities, and more. Their inherent durability and diverse functionalities render them attractive for various commercial and everyday applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication processes employed to create SHSs, encompassing micro- and nano-structuring techniques, chemical modification strategies, and superhydrophobic coating deposition methods. We further delve into the extensive and multifaceted applications of SHSs across the transportation, energy, and biomedical engineering sectors. Despite their demonstrated potential, challenges persist in the development and practical implementation of SHSs. addressing these challenges necessitates continued research and innovation. This review aims to stimulate further progress in the field by identifying potential future research directions and unlocking the full potential of SHSs for groundbreaking applications.