Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Ocimum sanctum: A Comprehensive Review of its Traditional Uses and Modern Applications

Ocimum sanctum L., is a revered medicinal herb that has long been an integral part of the Ayurvedic and Siddha medical traditions. Tulsi, sometimes called the "Queen of Herbs," has a long list of beneficial health effects, such as reducing inflammation, fighting cancer, lowering blood sugar, and promoting adaptogenic growth. Due in great part to its rich phytochemical content, which includes phenolic substances (rosmarinic acid, cirsilineol), triterpenoids (ursolic acid, oleanolic acid), essential oils (eugenol, carvacrol, methylchavicol), and flavonoids (orientin, vicenin, apigenin). In the past, people have turned to Tulsi for relief from a wide range of medical conditions, including infections of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal issues, stress, skin illnesses, and more. Research has shown that it is effective compared to several pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans, and has also confirmed many of its traditional uses. Its potential for chemoprevention and radioprotection is further enhanced by its ability to modulate enzymes like cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase, which in turn have anti-cancer effects. In addition to its medicinal applications, Tulsi plays a role in environmental purification and vector control, particularly in repelling mosquitoes. The plant's therapeutic properties are influenced by factors such as cultivation conditions, storage, and preparation methods. Overall, Ocimum sanctum serves as a potent, multi-functional medicinal herb with significant clinical and pharmacological relevance, meriting further exploration and integration into modern therapeutics.