Navigation between stopovers by migratory geese: comparing geomagnetic and geographic loxodromes, great circle routes and real trajectories

This study analyses the migration of a greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons), comparing observed flight paths between stopovers with theoretical geomagnetic loxodromes, geographic loxodromes, and great circle routes. Observed trajectories showed limited alignment with the theoretical routes, especially during spring migration, suggesting adaptive responses to environmental influences.