Transdermal Patches for Peptides, Vaccines and Biologics: Current Progress and Challenges

Transdermal drug delivery techniques may avoid gastrointestinal breakdown and hepatic first-pass metabolism, they have become a viable substitute for conventional methods of delivering peptides, vaccines, and other biologics. The potential of transdermal patches for macromolecule delivery has been greatly increased by recent developments in skin penetration enhancers, nanocarrier systems, and microneedle technologies. With an emphasis on vaccination applications, this study outlines the latest developments in transdermal patches for peptide and biologic administration. We look at many methods, such as physical, chemical, and biological ones, used to get beyond the skin's strong barrier qualities. Achieving uniform bioavailability, guaranteeing the stability of complicated biologics, and scaling up manufacturing are some of the hurdles that still exist despite promising preclinical and early clinical outcomes. In order to support the clinical translation of transdermal technology for biologic therapies, we wrap up by highlighting recent developments and identifying important areas for further study.