From Tunics to Yi Shang: A Comparative Study of Roman and Han Dynasty Clothing in the Early Common Era

This article presents a comparative study of male and female clothing styles in the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty during the early Common Era, using a comparative analysis of archaeological evidence, sculptural reliefs, and historical records. The study examines structural differences, cultural meanings, and adaptations to geographical and climatic conditions. The Romans typically wore the tunic (Tunica) and the toga (Toga), while trousers (Braccae) were initially regarded as a mark of “barbarian” tribes. In contrast, the Han Chinese favored the Yi Shang (衣裳, yī shang) ensemble, consisting of a long robe or coat (Yi) paired with a skirt or lower wrap (Shang), with trousers (Ku, 裤) more common among soldiers and horsemen. Findings indicate that, despite differences in detail, both civilizations shared similarities in structural design and lifestyle adaptation. Moreover, the results highlight the role of the Silk Road as a conduit for cultural exchange, influencing the historical evolution of fashion across regions.