A comprehensive review of the therapeutic applications and bioactive profiles of three underutilized edible flowers: Matricaria chamomilla, Clitoria ternatea, and Hibiscus sabdariffa

Medicinal plants have gained increasing attention for their rich sources of natural compounds with significant health benefits. This review highlights the phytochemical composition and therapeutic applications of three widely studied plants: Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea), and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle). These plants are known for their abundance of flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and essential oils, which contribute to their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and heart-protective effects. Matricaria chamomilla is widely used for its calming, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties, attributed to bioactive compounds such as apigenin and bisabolol. Clitoria ternatea contains blue pigments known as ternatins, which have demonstrated potential in enhancing brain function and reducing stress. Hibiscus sabdariffa is recognized for its capacity to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, primarily due to its anthocyanin and organic acid content. By combining traditional knowledge with modern research, this review shows the strong potential of these herbs in natural therapies, functional foods, and dietary supplements. To fully benefit from their medicinal value, more clinical studies, standardization methods, and safety evaluations are needed. These plants may provide a natural option for supporting health and could help reduce reliance on synthetic drugs.