Archaeological Sites and Evidence Related to Cattle and Buffalo in Thailand: Chronological Order and Historical Significance

This article presents a compilation and chronological arrangement of archaeological sites in Thailand containing evidence related to cattle and buffalo, spanning both prehistoric and historic periods. Drawing from archaeological data, rock paintings, artifacts and inscriptions, the study provides an overview of the relationship between domesticated bovines and the livelihoods, societies and religions of past Thai communities. The analysis covers 21 key sites across the country, categorized by time periods and types of evidence. The findings reveal the enduring significance of cattle and buffalo as agricultural labor, symbols in rituals and representations in art, from early domestication approximately 6,000 years ago to their symbolic and religious functions in the historic era.