Characterizing Human Body Shadowing at 32.5 GHz Through Cylindrical Diffraction Theory

The advent of 5G networks has revolutionized wireless communications by unlocking unprecedented data rates through millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. However, the short wavelengths of mmWave signals (e.g., 32.5 GHz) make them highly vulnerable to obstructions, particularly human blockage, posing significant challenges for reliable link prediction and network planning. Existing models often oversimplify human-induced attenuation, limiting their accuracy in real-world scenarios. This work addresses this gap by proposing a cylindrical diffraction model to quantify human blockage effects at 32.5 GHz—the first application of such a model at this frequency. Through controlled experiments, we measured signal degradation as a human subject progressively blocked a 2-meter mmWave link, revealing a sharp decline in received power from −41.2 dBm (no blockage) to −69.7 dBm (full blockage). The cylindrical model demonstrated strong alignment with empirical trends, accurately capturing the nonlinear increase in attenuation as the human approached the line-of-sight path. Notably, the model matched baseline measurements within 1.4 dB and predicted full-blockage loss within 7 dB of observed values, despite inherent simplifications. This study underscores the efficacy of cylindrical modelling for mmWave blockage prediction while highlighting critical refinements needed for practical deployment, such as incorporating material properties and antenna radiation patterns. By bridging theoretical and empirical insights, our work provides a foundational framework for enhancing 5G/6G network resilience in human-dense environments, ensuring robust performance for high-data-rate applications.