Herbal Antidepressants : A Comprehensive Review of Plant–Based Therapeutic Agents

Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 17% of the global population. Conventional antidepressant therapies often present limitations, including side effects and delayed onset of action, prompting the exploration of alternative treatments. Plant-based drugs have garnered attention due to their diverse phytochemical constituents and multifaceted mechanisms of action. This review synthesizes current research on medicinal plants exhibiting antidepressant properties, highlighting their phytochemical constituents and underlying mechanisms. Key phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenes have demonstrated antidepressant effects through various pathways, including inhibition of monoamine oxidase, modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and enhancement of neurotrophic factors While these findings are promising, most studies are preclinical, and further research, including well-designed clinical trials, is necessary to establish efficacy, safety, and standardized dosing. Integrating phytotherapy with conventional treatments may offer a holistic approach to managing depression, but careful consideration of potential interactions and individual patient factors is essential.